Use of Force Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Utilization of Force - Research Paper Example The paper will likewise take a gander at the breaking point to which the police can go and zones where the police has gone past its limits so as to carry out its responsibility. Utilization of power is portrayed as the force which the specialists of organization in the State apple to control down the revolt from the individuals, just as marinating lawfulness in the general public for the viable working of the general public. â€Å"Governments and law implementation offices will receive and actualize rules and guidelines on the utilization of power and guns against people by law authorization authorities. In growing such standards and guidelines, Governments and law requirement offices will keep the moral issues related with the utilization of power and guns continually under review.† (Crimes Act 1914 - SECT 3ZQA, CommonWealth Consolidated Acts ) The Government utilizes power as a way to forestall wrongdoing in the general public. In the created and the creating countries, the State permits the police, which is the body liable for controlling lawfulness, to utilize power as a methods for the anticipation of wrongdoing or for the prevention of the equivalent. One of the instances of such move would be the point at which the police is conveyed to oversee riots which have broken in out in various States all through the world. The state utilizes the devices to deal with the circumstance in the general public. The utilization of power may likewise be utilized by the official branch when it conveys the military for the security of the general public and the upkeep of peace. The framework is overseen such that the State utilizes power just when it is required in outrageous conditions. Governments and law requirement offices ought to build up a scope of means as wide as could be expected under the circumstances and outfit law authori zation authorities with different sorts of weapons and ammo that would take into consideration a separated utilization of power and guns. These ought to incorporate the advancement of non-deadly debilitating weapons for use in suitable circumstances, so as to progressively limiting the use of means fit for making demise or injury people. For a similar reason, it should likewise be workable for law requirement authorities to be outfitted with self-cautious gear, for example, shields, protective caps, shot verification vests and slug confirmation methods for transportation, so as to diminish the need to utilize weapons of any sort. Power can be partitioned into two fragments: 1. Verbal Force 2. Non-Verbal Force Verbal power is the power which is applied to the individuals where the Administration attempts to settle and explain the issue using the words. It attempts to assuage the group with the intension of not harming anybody in the social occasion. Verbal utilization of power can be joined by nerve gas shells just as different methods for reprisal by the police and the military to stay away from any sort of savagery out in the open. The principle thought with this respect is to ensure that nobody gets injured and the individuals can rescue their existence without harming their kindred creatures in a mass dissent or an uproar. It ought to be applied in those situations where the police and the Para-military power feels that the pressure has not left hands and there is extension for the police to have the option to control the group with the utilization of the word and not weapons. Notwithstanding, there is an extremely slim line of contrast concerning the power conveyed by the plice and it ought to dodge in each situation to utilize non-verbal power. Non-Verbal Force: Non-verbal power is utilized in outrageous circ

Industrial-Organizational Psychology Definition

Industrial-Organizational Psychology Definition Theories Print The Basics of Industrial-Organizational Psychology By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on November 26, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW on November 26, 2019 Hero Images / Getty Images More in Theories Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand What It Is Six Key Subject Areas Major Topics Important People Careers in IO Psychology View All Back To Top Industrial-organizational psychology is the branch of psychology that applies psychological theories and principles to organizations. Often referred to as I-O psychology, this field focuses on increasing workplace productivity and related issues such as the physical and mental well-being of employees. Industrial-organizational psychologists perform a wide variety of tasks, including studying worker attitudes and behavior, evaluating companies, and conducting leadership training. The overall goal of this field is to study and understand human behavior in the workplace. What Industrial-Organizational Psychology Is You can think of industrial-organizational psychology as having two major sides. First, there is the industrial side, which involves looking at how to best match individuals to specific job roles. This segment of I-O psychology is also sometimes referred to as personnel psychology. People who work in this area might assess employee characteristics and then match these individuals to jobs in which they are likely to perform well. Other functions that fall on the industrial side of I-O psychology include training employees, developing job performance standards, and measuring job performance. The organizational side of psychology is more focused on understanding how organizations affect individual behavior. Organizational structures, social norms, management styles, and role expectations are all factors that can influence how people behave within an organization. By understanding such factors, I-O psychologists hope to improve individual performance and health while at the same time benefiting the organization as a whole. How Is It Different? While industrial-organizational psychology is an applied field, basic theoretical research is also essential. With roots in experimental psychology, I-O psychology has a number of different sub-areas such as human-computer interaction, personnel psychology, and human factors. Six Key Subject Areas According to Muchinskys book,  Psychology Applied to Work: An Introduction to Industrial and Organizational Psychology, most industrial-organizational psychologists work in one of six major subject areas: Training and Development: Professional in this area often determine what type of skills are necessary to perform specific jobs as well as develop and evaluate employee training programs.Employee Selection: This area involves developing employee selection assessments, such as screening tests to determine if job applicants are qualified for a particular position.Ergonomics: The field of ergonomics involves designing procedures and equipment designed to maximize performance and minimize injury.Performance Management: I-O psychologists who work in this area develop assessments and techniques to determine if employees are doing their jobs well.Work Life: This area focuses on improving employee satisfaction and maximizing the productivity of the workforce. I-O psychologists in this area might work to find ways to make jobs more rewarding or design programs that improve the quality of life in the workplace.Organizational Development: I-O psychologists who work in this area help improve orga nizations, often through increasing profits, redesigning products, and improving the organizational structure.?? Major Topics Product design. Some I-O psychologists are involved in the development of consumer or workplace products.Employee testing. Psychological principles and tests are often used by I-O psychologists to help businesses select candidates that are best-suited to specific job roles.Leadership. I-O psychologists may work to help leaders develop better strategies or train managers to utilize different leadership skills to manage team members more effectively.Workplace diversity. Within the area of organizational psychology, professionals in this field may help businesses develop hiring practices that foster greater diversity as well as train employees on diversity and inclusion.Workplace performance. I-O psychologists often study behavior in the workplace in order to design environments and procedures that maximize employee performance.Employee motivation. Professionals in this field may also use psychological principles to help keep workers motivated. Important People in IO Psychology History Hugo Münsterberg: Munsterberg was an applied psychologist who wrote an early text on how psychology could be used for industrial, occupational, and organizational purposes. His work had an important impact on the early development of the field.  Frederick W. Taylor: Taylor was a mechanical engineer who published an influential book on improving industrial efficiency.  Robert Yerkes: Yerkes was a psychologist known for his work in the field of intelligence testing. He developed the Alpha and Beta Intelligence Tests for the U.S. Army, which were use to evaluate military recruits during WWI. Scores on the tests were used to determine respondents capabilities, including ability to serve and leadership potential.James McKeen Cattell: Cattell was an early proponent of looking at how individual differences influence human behavior.  Kurt Lewin: Lewin was an influential applied psychologist who described a number of leadership styles that people may exhibit. His work also focused on looking at all of the forces that influence a situation rather than just taking individual behavior into account.   Careers in IO Psychology Interest in industrial-organizational psychology careers  has grown. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics predicted that I-O psychology would be one of the  fastest-growing careers, and wages have been rising over 10 percent per year. According to employment statistics from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the mean annual wage for I-O psychologists as of May 2016 was $109,030. The bottom 10 percent of I-O psychologists earned around  $51,350 and the top 10 percent earned an average of $184,380, with a median annual wage of $192,150.?? As with other specialty areas, wages vary depending upon a variety of factors including geographic location, educational background, the area of employment, and years of experience in the field. Individuals with a masters or doctorate degree also command higher yearly salaries. In general, those in large urban areas will find more employment opportunities as well as higher wages, although such benefits are often accompanied by a higher cost of living. States employing the most I-O psychologists include Virginia, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Missouri, and New Jersey. Professionals working in Virginia earned an average of $126,220, while those employed in Massachusetts earned an average of $75,660.?? The U.S. Department of Labor reports that wages also vary considerably depending upon the industry in which industrial-organizational psychologists are employed. The mean annual wage for various industries is as follows: Scientific Research and Development Services: $149,780Management, Scientific, and Technical Consulting Services: $95,470State Government:  $66,600Colleges, Universities, and Professional School: $70,360?? Who Should Study Industrial-Organizational Psychology? Students who are interested in applying psychological principles to real-world setting should consider industrial-organizational psychology. If you have a strong interest in psychology as well as related subjects such as product design, computers, statistics, and engineering, this may be the ideal field for you. How Does the Hawthorne Effect Influence Productivity?

The Factors that Influence the Stroop Effect Free Essay Example, 1250 words

From the paper "The Factors that Influence the Stroop Effect" results, 276 participants participated in the study and in both cases; the minimum number of none-sense and color word named was 17 words. The maximum number of color words were 75 with M = 36.5 and SD = 8.442 while the maximum non-sense words named were 60 with M = 27.41 and SD = 5.440. The amount of variation in naming color words is high as compared to non-sense words 8.442 5.440. Both variables are not normally distributed and thus parametric tests (in this case t-test) could not be used. Non-parametric test; Wilcoxon Test was used to test for significance in the mean difference of the number of colors and non-sense words. From the non-parametric test results, there is a significant difference between the mean number of color and non-sense words at 5% level of significance. It is evidently clear from the discussion that the mean difference between color words and non-sense words was found to be significant at 5% level of significance [Z = -13.318, P = 0.000, p 0.05]. We will write a custom essay sample on The Factors that Influence the Stroop Effect or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page Further, there is a need for all ethical considerations to be put into considerations. Issues to do with; Data/information security-confidentiality; Financial benefits to the participants; Research benefits; Protection of the participants; andJustice in the sample selection.

The Spring Of 1692 Salem Witch Trials - 1698 Words

In the spring of 1692 the Salem witch trials began. During this time in history women accused of being witches often faced being torture, testing, and trials. Most of the time witches experienced executions if not that, put in jail. The townspeople tortured the accused witches in the most inhumane ways. This is considered a very dark and eerie time of the Puritans in Salem, Massachusetts (P., Shaunak). A group of young girls in Salem, Massachusetts told the people of their town they had been possessed by the devil and accused several women from their town of possessing them. The ringleader of the girls, Abigail Williams, niece of Samuel Paris the town’s priest and her cousin Elizabeth Paris started having irrational fits and violent outburst. Since the girls kept having these violent outbursts Samuel Paris called for doctor William Griggs. Griggs examined the girls and diagnosed them with being bewitched. Soon a whole group of girls started acting as if they had been possessed as well, including; Ann Putnam Jr., Mercy Lewis, Elizabeth Hubbard, Mary Walcott and Mary Warren. This group of girls kept up this horrible act all because Tituba Paris’ slave saw them doing witchcraft in the woods late one night. This became a problem for Tituba being a slave; she knew her word would not be considered reliable. The girls prank got even worse when their accusations caused warrants for arrests on Tituba, along with Sarah Good, Sarah Osborn, Rebecca Nurse, Martha Corey, Bridget Bishop,Show MoreRelatedThe Salem Witch Trial During The Spring Of 16921533 Words   |  7 PagesAustin walls mrs barker salem witch trial the infomous salem witch trials began during the spring of 1692, after a group of young girls in salem village massachusetts claimed to be possessed by the devil and accused several local women of witchcraft. as a wave of hysteria spread throughout colonial massachusetts, a spread court convened in salem to hear the cases; the first convened witch birdget bishop , was hanged that some more men,women and chileren were accused over the next several monthsRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials Of 16921281 Words   |  6 PagesThe Salem Witch Trials were a sequence of hearings, prosecutions, and hangings of people who were thought to be involved in witchcraft in Massachusetts. These trials occurred between February 1692 and May 1693(The Salem Witch Trials, 1692. ). The Trials resulted in the execution of twenty people, in fact, most of them were women. The first of the trials began in several towns in the Province of Massachusetts Bay, such as Salem Village (currently known as Danvers), Salem Town, Ipswich, and Andover(SalemRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials Of Colonial Massachusetts1473 Words   |  6 PagesThe infamous Salem witch trials of colonial Massachusetts took place between 1692 and 1693. They involved the execution of fourteen women and five men within the brief time period. What is now the New England region had been established by a homogenous Puritan population, which emigrated from England. Abiding by a strict set of beliefs, the Puritans did not accept people of other backgrounds,therefore it might follow that the Salem Witch Trials of New England were a result of the strict Puritan societyRead MoreThe Causes of the Salem Witch Hunt Essay925 Words   |  4 PagesThe Causes of the Salem Witch Hunt Many American colonists brought with them from Europe a notion in witches and an intrigue with alleged manipulation with the devil. During the seventeenth century, people were executed for witchcraft all over the colonies, chiefly in Massachusetts. Various of the accused were women, inducing some recent historians to recommend that charges of witchcraft were a way of dominating women who endangered the present economic and social orderRead MoreThe Crucible By John Proctor895 Words   |  4 Pagesboth the Salem Witch Trials and The Crucible, was tried and executed for witchcraft in 1692. When the witchcraft hysteria first began in Salem village in the winter of 1692, Proctor became an outspoken opponent of the trials and stated to many that the afflicted girls, who had been accusing many of the villagers of witchcraft, were frauds and liars (Brooks). There were many parallels between John Proctor and his character in The Crucible, including his vocal opposition towards the trials and hisRead MoreWhat Were The Salem Witch Trials1449 Words   |  6 PagesWere the Salem Witch Trials and What Were its Aftermaths? START OF WITCHCRAFT HYSTERIA A considerable lot of the American settlers carried with them, from Europe, a faith in witches and the devil. Amid the seventeenth century, individuals were often executed for being witches and worshiper of Satan. The Puritan town of Salem was home to where many executions of witches took place, more commonly known as the Salem witch trials. A scandalous scene in American history, the Salem witch trials of 1692Read MoreThe Trials Of Salem Witch Trials1069 Words   |  5 PagesEven though the Salem witch trials were made to seem formal, they were actually subjective and not based on fact. Since there were multiple people being accused of witchcraft, the trials were short and quick to sentence. The witch trials lasted less than a year. The first arrests were made on March 1, 1692, and the final hanging day was September 22, 1692. The Court of Oyer and Terminer was dissolved in October of 1692. The Salem Witch Trials occurred in the spring of 1692, when a group ofRead MoreThe Trials Of Salem Witch Trials Essay1267 Words   |  6 PagesThe notorious witch trials in Salem began in Spring of 1692. This started after a young group of girls in Salem Village, Massachusetts, professed they were possessed by the devil. These young girls even went as far as accusing some local women of practicing witchcraft. As a frenzy spreaded throughout colonial Massachusetts, a specific court was summoned to hear cases. Bridget Bishop was the first convicted witch and she was hung in that June following her trial. Eighteen other people followed BishopRead MoreTruth and Reality597 Words   |  3 Pageshistorical period in which it exists.   An example that came to mind is the Salem witch trials. The witch hunt occurred in Massachusetts between the years 1692 and 1693. During this time people believed that the Devil could give give others special powers. The Salem which trials came about shortly after thousands of accused witches in Europe were executed in their own witch hunt. Throughout the entire Salem witch trials over 200 people (mostly women) were accused of being witches influenced byRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials : The Causes Of The Deadly Accusations912 Words   |  4 PagesPeriod 1 11 April 2015 The Salem Witch Trials: The Causes of the Deadly Accusations In Arthur Miller’s The Crucible, he writes, â€Å"We are what we always were in Salem, but now the little crazy children are jangling the keys of the kingdom, and common vengeance writes the law!† (Miller 77). This partially fictionalized tale of the Salem Witch Trials points to one of the causes of the trials, vengeance, but the over dramatized tale s early stages were quiet. The Salem Witch Episode had humble beginnings

The And Its Effects On The World Of The Kingdom Of Kirith

The time was the 6010s in the Kingdom of Kirith where hundreds of animals lived known as the Pure Heartless, each with pure black fur, scraggly ears, and citrine eyes. The Heartless lived in peace until one day, a baby heartless named Clementine was born with something so distinct it made other Heartless back away in fear: this heartless was born with colored fur. Known to many, having colored fur was common and accepted kingdom-wide in many nations during the Spectrum Era, where the creatures called Humans had created this eccentric phenomena. That is not the case in the present day, however, for having any color on your fur was akin to those who practiced witchcraft upon the victim which would leave he or she stricken with a contagious physical or mental abnormality. The guards took Clementine with her parent’s permission and locked her away in a cold, dark cellar where she would stay until the disgusting color has shed itself from her fur. Much to the community’s del ight, the color had corrected itself within a ten year period. Clementine was allowed to rejoin her family, but she was a very different being than when she was first imprisoned. At first, she would not talk. She sat in corners of her house and looked at walls, doors, the floor, anything that would allow her to distance herself from others in the room. She would run her fingers along the edgings, creating drawings in such detail that it created a sense of beauty and wonder in her, making small grunts every

Effects of Typhoon free essay sample

The typhoon affected living creatures and properties. People, animals, and plants can be killed during typhoon. First, flooding can be the reasons for humans to get drown because of a high level of water. The bad weather can also give them sickness such as fever, common cold and malaria, which is a serious infectious disease spread by certain mosquitoes. A few of them suffered from trauma after the typhoon. Trauma is a type of damage to the mind that causes a person to be precisely afraid of something. For instance, a thunderstorm which is a sign of typhoon can cause someone to be frightened because of his or her typhoon experience. Then, animals get executed by the typhoon. When the small animals and food supplies disappear or get killed by the typhoon, it affects the larger animals for the reason that they can’t longer find enough food. Lastly, plant life can simply be swept away. We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Typhoon or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Even trees cannot withstand the absolute force of a typhoon’s strength. All natural disasters have something to left when it was gone. Mostly, a typhoon can sweep away a farmland full of crops and it can cause mudslide. If it’s not meat from the animals, it is from the plants that we produce food. Unfortunately, crops are swept away after a strong hit of a typhoon. One effect of this is a shortage of food. If food shortage happened, the prices of food will get higher because of a lack of production. Finally, the strength of a wind and an unstoppable rain has the potential to create a mudslide. When mudslide occurs not only the house and buildings are buried. People who are inside their houses are in danger because they might get buried alive. A mudslide cause by a typhoon is very dangerous. It can happen rapidly that’s why a poor wouldn’t mind to save his personal belongings if mudslide happens. Tropical cyclones in the Philippines had effects: living creatures and properties. I have known that if these keep on going, death and property loss will increase in the Philippines.

Sociology of Religion

Sociology helps people answer a lot of questions about the specifics of their interactions and the development of their community. Religion reflects the people’s visions typical for this or that social group. From this point, religion becomes the object of the sociologists’ study in order to explain the characteristics of the people’s interactions in relation to their religious beliefs and attitudes to the sacred.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology of Religion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More That is why, religion should be discussed as the social phenomenon which is typical for the definite religious group because religious groups differ in their visions and beliefs, and this fact influences the development of society significantly. Thus, the sociology of religion studies religion in its connection with the society and the people’s dependence on the definite religious beliefs a nd attitudes to form and develop their community. From this perspective, the sociology of religion is the specific sphere of knowledge in relation to which sociologists examine people’s religious beliefs, their sacred practices and attitudes in their connection with the social development. Sociology of religion is studied with the help of the methodological framework used in sociology that is why researchers are interested in the empirical information associated with the religious issues, people’s religious visions and practices. Thus, Johnstone determines the characteristic feature of this filed of knowledge which is in the fact that â€Å"the sociology of religion is conducted according to the scientific method† (Johnstone 6). The next important feature of sociology of religion is the discussion of religion as the social phenomenon in spite of the fact people are inclined to discuss the religious beliefs as the part of their personal life (Putnam and Campbell) . It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that both visions are relevant because according to Johnstone, â€Å"religion is a response to both individual and group needs† (Johnstone 38). Religion can be discussed as the reflection of the individual’s attitudes to the sacred, but the subject matter of studying sociology of religion as the sphere of knowledge is religion within the society. Moreover, religion cannot exist without its connection with society because it emerges as the result of the people’s interactions with each other. The subject of the sociology of religion is important because it is impossible to discuss religion without its references to society and to study society without concentrating on the people’s religious beliefs.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To develop successfully, religion should be based on the patterns and prin ciples which are typical for the evolution of the society, on the particular features of the social interactions. Thus, â€Å"society precedes religion. Before religion can develop, there must first exist general patterns of social interaction – that is, a society – that can serve as a model† (Johnstone 30). This statement can be discussed as the reason to support the idea that this subject is really important. Furthermore, sociologists study religion as the key aspect of the people’s development because religion exists within the society during a long period of time, and there are few situations when societies could reject their religious views even when the necessity of such rejection was imposed on them with the help of the political strategies. Sociologists began to focus on studying religion within the field of sociology not long ago. There were numerous attempts to examine religion in its connection with the social development and impact on the soci ety. Johnstone stresses that â€Å"the persistence of religion in its various forms has finally forced sociologists to renew the effort †¦ of attempting to understand the nature and function of religion† (Johnstone 19). Today, the sociology of religion is discussed as the independent sphere of knowledge operating the techniques which are typical for sociology and examining the notions which are characteristic for the religious studies. The moral presumptions, religious visions, attitudes to the sacred, religious practices and rituals followed by the representatives of the definite religious community can help make the necessary conclusions about the characteristic features of this social group. That is why, the studies in the context of the sociology of religion are important for sociologists. The sociological knowledge depends on examination of the people’s beliefs and visions which are different in various religious groups or social communities. The religious ri tuals and practices which are followed by the representatives of these groups reflect not only their attitude to the sacred but also provide the people’s vision of the general world picture and the community’s goals. To study the group dynamics, it is important to refer to those religious beliefs and attitudes which are promoted by the group representatives (Johnstone 2). Thus, the world can be perceived at different levels, and religion reflects the particular features of the people’s perception of the surroundings and of the sacred and magic at one of these levels. From this point, sociology of religion is important to provide the complex picture of the public’s vision of the world and the people’s role in it.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology of Religion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To understand the role of the religious visions in constructing the society, it i s important to study the sources and nature of religion as a phenomenon. There are a lot of theories developed by sociologists to explain the emergence of religion as the complex of definite beliefs and practices. However, there is the question about the reasons of choosing this or that religion. It is possible to discuss this choice with references to the rational choice theory. This theory is used in the economic sphere to explain choices which are beneficial for people. Following the scientific approach to discussing the concept of religion, the rational choice theory is effective to accentuate the aspects according to which the person is inclined to choose his or her religious path. Johnstone presents the definition of the rational choice theory according to which this theory deals â€Å"seriously with not only the persistence of religion but also the observation that some form of religion appears to be ubiquitous among societies, even if some individuals deny the validity of t he religions that surround them† (Johnstone 36). From this point, the decision to follow or not the definite religion is in the sphere of the people’s free choices. This theory is effective to discuss the notion of religion from the sociological perspective. People choose something rationally, and the rational choice theory accentuates the fact that religion is also chosen rationally, with references to the persons’ vision of benefits and previous experiences. Sociology of religion discusses a lot of controversial questions which are associated with the role of religion in the development of society, the connections between the public and religion, and the nature of religion as the social phenomenon which emerged as a result of the people’s interactions. The significant subject of study is the people’s religious beliefs, attitudes to the sacred and to the magic, religious rituals and practices as important spheres of the people’s personal and social life. Works Cited Johnstone, Ronald. Religion in Society: A Sociology of Religion. USA: Pearson, Prentice-Hall, 2007. Print. Putnam, Robert, and David Campbell. American Grace: How Religion Divides and Unites Us. USA: Simon Schuster, 2010. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on Sociology of Religion was written and submitted by user Ryleigh R. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Anti Death Penalty essays

Anti Death Penalty essays I. Roosevelt Collins, a black man in Alabama, was convicted of rape, sentenced to death, and executed in 1937. Roosevelt testified that the victim who was white had consented to sex, which caused a near-riot in the courtroom. The all-white jury deliberated for only FOUR minutes. Later interviews with several jurors revealed that although they believed the act was consensual, they also thought that he deserved death simply for messin around with a white woman. Even the judge, off the record, admitted his belief that Roosevelt was telling the truth, QUOTE: An innocent man went to his death. Horace Dunkins was executed on July 17, 1989. His attorney never told the jury he was mentally retarded, with an IQ estimated at 65. When newspapers reported this several years later, one juror told the press she would not have voted for the death penalty had she known of his retardation. The accomplice to this crime was given a life sentence. II. Everyone has their own opinion of the Death Penalty. The problem is, most United States citizens do not have the facts. As long as the death penalty is a form of punishment, we all should be aware of this information...the correct information, and not just what crime the Dead Man Walking committed. III. Myself, Chandra, Steve, and Geoff have done extensive research on the subject of corporal punishment and will discuss those findings with you today. IV. The Death Penalty is a costly, immoral, and imperfect form of punishment. Before Americans chant Death for a moral wrong, we should make sure that we are right. V. Today we will discuss some of the problems with the death penalty, solutions and alternatives to it, and even give you a glimpse into how our future America will be if we continue this immoral deterrent. Chandra will share with us three of the major problems with the death penalty. Steve will discuss some soluti...

Piaget and Vygotsky Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Piaget and Vygotsky - Essay Example Both Piaget and Vygotsky have deeply influenced the techniques and approaches to teaching. Furthermore, they have explained the childrens cognitive learning styles and capabilities. Jean Piaget’s theory on children’s cognitive development, particularly with quantitative concepts, has gained a lot of attention within the field of education. Piagetian ideas on student’s quantitative growth have offered teachers teaching mathematics with significant understandings of how individuals acquire mathematical models and phenomenon. Piaget asserted that the development of a child takes place in the course of a constant change of thought processes. A developmental stage entails a period of months or years when a particular development occurs. Even though students are frequently classified by chronological age, their development levels might vary considerably, also the rate at which each child goes through each stage. This variation may be due to maturity, knowledge, society, and the capacity of the child. Piaget further suggested that children develop progressively and slowly throughout the different stages and that the experiences in one stage form the basis for shift to the next. Piaget presented four main stages of development; sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational (Ojose, 2008). In the sensorimotor stage, an infant’s mental and cognitive characteristics evolve from birth until the emergence of language. This stage is featured by the gradual attainment of object permanence in which the child is able to locate objects after they have been moved, even if the objects have been completely removed from his or her field of vision. Another feature of children at this stage is their capacity to associate numbers to objects (Piaget, 1977). To widen the mathematical ability of a child in this stage, he is permitted sufficient opportunities to take action on the

Open Office Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Open Office - Essay Example This project eliminates the helping wizards like in Microsoft office and introduces with a new feature that may be somewhat helps in the styles of the document. The best feature of this Open Office is that it maintains the database in form of bibliography, which later helps in referencing or finding some extra resources for notes. Being a writer Mike Magee emphasizes about the feature comparable to Microsoft Word in Open Office in his article. He after his reviews on different word processors like the Byzantine Wordstar, Lotus Manuscript, Xywrite, Gem First Word Plus and many more including different innumerable Microsoft word processors he prefer Open Office Word Processor. He encloses that Open Office Word Processor by default gives many feature for the document that may be changed and saved as a template document, later all other documents may customize with respect to all favorite style document user saved. The software may read all the Microsoft extensions i.e., .rtf, .txt, etc and may produce HTML files as well. He as a writer likes Open Office as it allows him to switch all the auto options, like auto spell-check, auto sense, auto sniff, auto quotes etc, easily. Moreover, he switches off the option that change his word Icons in OO icons. Open Office is an open source software and are available free on Internet. There are two kind of software, one is open source software and the other is proprietary software. The open source software is found free or for very low cost on Internet or on Compact Disks with their source code for the use. However, proprietary software is same but their code is only with developers or sometimes with the good hackers. Microsoft Explorer is the best example for preprimary software. This software is designed for some particular issues, as developers are not the users and though it lacks with the features and sometimes don't allow enhancing. Contrary to this, open source software holds the source code and can be modified by the user according to its own requirements. Briefing a little more about the proprietary software, that to eliminate bugs and have new functionalities user has to wait for the new version and developers work for this on extra money, despite open source totally oppose it an d though use more cause its bug fixations are continuous and features release are regular to the user to use. Moreover, developers work for open source by volunteering themselves for free to specialize and earn name where as all proprietary software are part of business trade-offs. And though it may conclude that due to open source in hand, user is more flexible with open source rather than proprietary software. Open Source Software is famous and efficient cause their source code is in the hand of user and can modify to respective requirements. Source Code actually is a set of instructions or programs compiled together to run software. Or in other words, source code is the set of statements that is readable to human but not computers and to make computer understand that language it is compiled and changed into machine language. This set of statements seems to be nothing else than a document of text but values whole software. A little change in a text of doc may not allow software to run perfectly and though these source codes of different software are kept out of reach from the users who don't have any idea about computer languages. There are

Genetic Modification: Methodology, Ethics and Importance

Genetic Modification: Methodology, Ethics and Importance Genetic modification: methodology, ethicality and importance of understanding Sarah Bernadette Dacanay Word Count (excluding references): 1418 words Introduction The 21st century is a time where science is progressing at rapid speed with the development of new methods used to improve the livelihood of human life. Such methods include the controversial genetic modification of organisms and products, in order to produce effective vaccines, food sources, etc. (Glenn, 2013). Australia like many nations genetically modifies some of its food and plants (i.e. cows, chicken, wheat, cotton, etc.) (Office of the Gene Technology Regulator, 2014) and before being accessible to the public, are heavily regulated by the Gene Technology Regulator (GTR). Furthermore, scientists and organizations such CSIRO (CSIRO, 2010) are constantly finding means to improve the efficiency of the methods and its ethicality. As such, scientific evidence regarding genetic modification is constantly being updated. Genetic modification can potentially offer tremendous benefits, but as it is still relatively new, there are many uncertainties regarding its methods and ethicality. Thus, much of the public is still unsure on where they stand. The need for current and credible information about this field is undeniably important for the public, in order to gain a better understanding about its advantages and disadvantages. And once this knowledge is gained, they can make a sound decision on where they want to stand with the progression of this field of research. Source 1: eBook file Source/Author The eBook file, National Framework of Ethical Principles in Gene Technology 2012 Outlines the ‘†¦ethical principles and values relevant to†¦ gene technology†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ and ‘aims to promote well-informed ethical decision making†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Gene Technology Ethics and Community Consultative Committee, 2012). The research into the guidelines outlined in the book has been done by the Gene Technology Ethics and Community Consultative Committee (GTECCC) under the guidance and watch of the Office of the Gene Technology Regulator (OGTR). The GTECCC provides advice on the request of the Gene Technology Regulator (GTR), or the Gene Technology Ministerial Council (GTMC) regarding ethical issues and policy principles with relation to genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and products (GM). The 11 appointments for the committee are done by the Hon Catherine King, Parliamentary Secretary for Health and Ageing after consulting the GTR, State/Territory Ministers and organizations relating to science, consumers, heath, environmental and industry (Office of the Gene Technology Regulator, n.d.). The members chosen to be part of this committee are experts who range from community consultation, ethics, genetic research and risk communication just to name a few. For example, Donald Chalmers, the Chair of the GTECCC, is a Distinguished Professor at the University of Tasmania and is the Director of the Centre for Law and Genetics; and Ms Corrinna Lange, another member, has a wealth of knowledge regarding science communication through her various roles within public and private sector organizations. (Office of the Gene Technology Regulator, 2012). The fear of bias by the authors while constructing the framework due to conflict of interests, is easily solved as members are ‘†¦subject to strict disclosure of interest provisions†¦contained in the Gene Technology Regulations 2001†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ in which, it is stated that ‘Before the Minister appoints a person as an expert advisory†¦must obtain†¦a declaration setting out all direct or indirect interests†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Expert Advisers – disclosure of interests, 2001). The compiled research is also subject to act in accordance to the Gene Technology Act 2000 (Cwth) in which s.3 states that â€Å"the object of this Act is to protect the health and safety of people†¦protects the environment by identifying risks posed by or as a result of gene technology†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. As such, the information provided by the GTECCC in their eBook publication stating the framework for ethics and decision making regarding genetic research and modification i s highly credible. Publisher The Australian Commonwealth Government is a non-partisan institute regarding genetic modification and is undoubtedly established as being credible and well-respected. The credibility of a book lies not only with the author but, also with the publisher; the organization/institute who funds or supports the research of the author/s. The organization/institute and authors are therefore responsible for the information being published. In this case, the funding and support of this eBook, the National Framework of Ethical Principles in Gene Technology 2012 (Gene Technology Ethics and Community Consultative Committee, 2012) research came from the Australian Commonwealth Government. As the information published inside therefore not only reflects the views and opinions of the author, but is also considered as credible information by the Australian Commonwealth Government. Therefore, as the Australian Commonwealth Government is a credible publisher, the eBooks’ (Gene Technology Ethics an d Community Consultative Committee, 2012) credibility is also reinforced. Source 2: Journal Article Peer-Review Process Peer-review is a commonly used process during the editing phase of scientific journals to distinguish what articles sent to be published in the journal are credible, relevant and publish worthy. The process requires the article to be sent and scrutinised by experts in the same field who are considered as ‘peer-reviewers’. They asses the ‘validity, significance and originality’ (Sense About Science, 2005) and ultimately act as ‘an error detection system’ (Science Media Centre, 2003). In order to asses these criterions, the results and experiments are re-tested by these peer-reviewers to ensure that the findings are accurate. A decision is then made on whether the article should be published or rejected. If the decision is for the article to be published, it will either be sent back to the author/s for the final review or sometimes, may go straight into publishing after gaining the approval of the Chief Editor (Understanding Science, 2014). My chosen journal article (Macdonald et al., 2012) was initially handed into the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) on December 4, 2011 for review before being published in their online journal. One of the many peer-reviewers assigned to the article was R. Michael Roberts, University of Missouri, Columbia. Dr Roberts’ is a member of the National Academy of Science and his research areas include ‘utilizing human embryonic stem cells (hESC)†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ and ‘induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC)†¦ by reprogramming.’ (Department of Biochemistry University of Missouri, n.d.). The knowledge he holds in the field therefore, indicates his sound ability as a reviewer for the article, proving him capable of making good judgement on whether the claims and conclusions stated are credible. Photographic Evidence Photographic evidence is an effective way to illustrate the processes and results that should be reached during an experiment. It provides the experimenter with an indication on whether the methods are accurately followed. The Materials and Methods section of the journal article (Macdonald et al., 2012), with its various reference images fulfils this purpose. For example, Figure 6, part B in the Materials and Methods section, indicates how the ‘cross-section of a 3 day embryo a day after the injection of GFP-expressing PGCs’ should look like (Macdonald et al., 2012). Furthermore, the results are set out in clear graphs which are annotated. This can be seen in Figure 2, part D of the Results section, which contains a graph comparing the ‘stable transfection rates of piggyBac and Tol2 transposons in PGCs.’ (Macdonald et al., 2012). The annotations also indicate that the collected and graphed data represent a minimum of four independent experiments. The clarity and in-depth expression, through photographic evidence and compiled data, leave little room for error as it indicates what outcomes should be reached by their methods. This not only makes it easy for those trialling the experiment to compare results, but it also expresses their strong belief that their research is credible. Summary The boundless amounts of information, found on the internet and at libraries regarding genetic modification, can overwhelm individuals when they first begin researching to grasp a better understanding about the field. Furthermore, as the field is constantly updating and newer efficient methodologies are being discovered, ‘new’ information can grow ‘old’ relatively fast and thus lose its credibility. The two scholarly sources, the eBook (Gene Technology Ethics and Community Consultative Committee, 2012) and the journal article, (Macdonald et al., 2012) I have chosen, are in my opinion examples of credible information. I assessed their credibility under the following criteria: source/author and publisher for the eBook; the peer-review process and photographic evidence for the journal article, and found that the criteria were fulfilled. Thus, indicating that the information from the two scholarly sources is credible. Therefore, to conclude, the information with in the two sources can be used to either grasp a better understanding about the field of genetic modification, or be used as references in university research assignment tasks. References American Psychological Association. (2013). The Rules for Federal Regulations: I. The Code of Federal Regulations. Retrieved from http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2013/07/the-rules-for-federal-regulations-i-code-of-federal-regulations.html CSIRO. (2010). Gene technology. Retrieved from http://www.csiro.au/Outcomes/Food-and-Agriculture/Gene-technology.aspx Curators of the University of Missouri. (2006). Welcome to the Roberts Lab Website. Retrieved from http://robertslab.missouri.edu/ Department of Biochemistry University of Missouri. (n.d.). R. Michael Roberts. Retrieved from http://biochem.missouri.edu/faculty/faculty-members/robertsm/index.php Expert Advisers – disclosure of interests, 23 Gene Technology Regulations  §1 (2001) Gene Technology Act 2000 (Cwth) s.3 (Austl.) Glenn, L. M. (2013). Ethical Issues in Genetic Engineering and Transgenics. Retrieved from http://www.actionbioscience.org/biotechnology/glenn.html Office of the Gene Technology Regulator. (2012). GTECCC members. Retrieved from http://www.ogtr.gov.au/internet/ogtr/publishing.nsf/content/gteccc-members11-htm Office of the Gene Technology Regulator. (2014). Record of GM Product Dealings. Retrieved from http://www.ogtr.gov.au/internet/ogtr/publishing.nsf/content/gmfoodprod4-htm Office of the Gene Technology Regulator. (n.d.). Genetically Modified Product approvals. Retrieved from http://www.ogtr.gov.au/internet/ogtr/publishing.nsf/content/gmoprod-1 Office of the Gene Technology Regulator. (n.d.). The Gene Technology Ethics and Community Consultative Committee. Retrieved from http://www.ogtr.gov.au/internet/ogtr/publishing.nsf/content/gteccc-2 Science Media Centre (2003) Communicating peer review in a soundbite, p.1. Sense about Science. (2004). Peer Review AND THE ACCEPTANCE OF NEW SCIENTIFIC IDEAS. London, England: Author. Sense about Science. (2005). â€Å"I DON’T KNOW WHAT TO BELIEVE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Making sense of science stories. London, England: Author. Sense about Science. (2009). MAKING SENSE OF GM. London, England: Author. Understanding Science University of California Museum of Paleontology. (n.d.). Scrutinizing science: Peer Review. Retrieved from: http://undsci.berkeley.edu/article/howscienceworks_16 University Library University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. (n.d.). Is it scholarly? Tips for critically evaluating your information resources. Retrieved from http://www.library.illinois.edu/ugl/howdoi/scholarly.html University of Western Australia Med Library. (n.d.). Vancouver citation style. Retrieved from http://guides.is.uwa.edu.au/content.php?pid=279406sid=2323728 University of Western Australia Science Library. (n.d.). APA citation style. Retrieved from http://guides.is.uwa.edu.au/apa Victoria University. (n.d.). APA REFERENCING: A Brief Guide. Retrieved from http://guides.library.vu.edu.au/content.php?pid=270421sid=2230821 References for two scholarly sources: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article (Primary Source): APA:  Macdonald, J., Taylor, L., Sherman, A., Kawakami, K., Takahashi, Y., Sang, Helen M., McGrew, Michael J. (2012). Efà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ cient genetic modià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ cation and germ-line transmission of primordial germ cells using piggyBac and Tol2 transposons.  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,109(23), E1466-E1472. doi:10.1073/pnas.1118715109 Vancouver: Macdonald J, Taylor L, Sherman A, Kawakami K, Takahashi Y, Sang HM, McGrew MJ. Efà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ cient genetic modià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ cation and germ-line transmission of primordial germ cells using piggyBac and Tol2 transposons. [Internet]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2012. [cited 2014 March 15]; 109(23) [about 7 p.]. Available from:  http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2012/05/10/1118715109.abstract Grey Literature (PDF file): APA: Gene Technology Ethics and Community Consultative Committee. (2012).  National Framework of Ethical Principles in Gene Technology 2012  [PDF]. Retrieved from  http://www.ogtr.gov.au/internet/ogtr/publishing.nsf/Content/gtecccpapers-1/$FILE/gtecccethicalprinciples2012.pdf Vancouver: Gene Technology Ethics and Community Consultative Committee. National Framework of Ethical Principles in Gene Technology 2012 [Internet]. Commonwealth of Australia; 2012 [revised 2014 Feb 2; cited 2014 Mar 15]. Available from:  http://www.ogtr.gov.au/internet/ogtr/publishing.nsf/Content/gtecccpapers-1/$FILE/gtecccethicalprinciples2012.pdf Sarah Bernadette Dacanay

Jesus Prohibition Against Swearing and His Philosophy of Language :: Jesus Religion Language Prohibition Essays

Jesus' Prohibition Against Swearing and His Philosophy of Language In an article entitled "Oath Taking in the Community of the New Age (Matthew 5:33-37)," Don Garlington calls Jesus' prohibition against swearing an oddity and the avoidance of swearing by certain Christian sects a superficial application of the logion.[1] As a member of one such group, the Mennonites, I offer an apology rather than a rebutal. Mennonites make affirmations rather than swear oaths in order to fulfil Jesus' command often without wondering if they have fulfilled his intention. When they find rationale for their avoidance of oaths, they tend to point to swearing as an occasion for sin rather than something sinful in itself. According to the Mennonite Encyclopedia, one avoids swearing in order to avoid an inadvertant sin of error or the habit of lying when one is not under oath.[2] Both of these reasons for minding the prohibition can be extrapolated from the Matthean text, but neither explains why the act of swearing a truthful oath is from evil. In order to comprehend Jes us' intent, we need to examine Jesus' understanding of language as a human activty that is not always accompanied by mindfulness of the reality that makes it potent, possible, and meaningful. Given that modern usage of "to swear" has come to include the acts of cursing and of using colorful expletives, a definition based upon biblical usage is essential. An oath is a performative utterance; it does not describe something, it does something.[3] According to speech-act theory, an oath accomplishes a number of separate acts. First, it can either expound a view by making a statement of fact regarding past or present events or it can commit the speaker to an obligation in the future. The oath's power to expound or commit relies upon its capacity to execute a second speech-act, the act of invoking God or some divine authority as a witness or guarantor. Finally, the oath puts into place a third speech-act, a conditional curse. Zechariah illustrates the potential of the curse with the metaphor of the flying scroll that consumes the house of any one who swears falsely (Zech 5:1-4). The speech-act of cursing does not depend upon the locutionary act; whether the curse is articulated or not the deed is done.[4] If one's oath proves to be false, God is justified in enacting the curse.[5] Speech-act theorist John Austin describes how oaths can go wrong under the rubric of the doctrine of the infelicitous.

Conflict Management Plan

1. Identify the available conflict management strategies and their strengths and weaknesses.Strategy Strengths Weaknesses CollaborationMakes the team stronger while building morale. Ability to problem solve. Sharing in responsibility Not sharing same ideas Causes most popular vote Can be time consuming while coming to an agreement CompetitionForces team to think outside the box for better results Cause team members to disagree and never reach a solution AvoidanceRefocuses team to real problem Takes personal feelings out of the issue Problem still exist Team relationship becomes taintedAccommodationAllows the team to come to a resolution by giving and takingRequires some team members ideas to be put on the back burnerCompromiseAllows team to come to a solution in a timely mannerMay effect team negatively if one member feels they compromise more than others2. Which of the available conflict management strategies is most appropriate for the current situation with Clyde and Dan? Provide your rationale, including what factors you considered in making your selection. Your response should be at least 100 words.The most appropriate conflict management strategy for the current situation is collaboration. I feel if both men are brought together to discuss their issues in a non-hostile environment then the real problem will present itself. This will allow both team members to voice their opinions and a resolution can be offered up.Once the problem is in the open they can focus on how to resolve it. I made this selection because it sounds like maybe it could be a personality conflict with a lot of he said she said. The only way to resolve it is to know what the real problem is. The only way to know that is to bring the men together to talk about it.3. If the selected strategy is not successful, what is your alternate strategy? Provide your rationale for this selection. Your response should be at least 100 words.If the first strategy is not successful then the next option i s avoidance. This will force the team members to put their personal feeling toward each other aside so that they can focus on the project. Team members will not always get along. How they feel about each other can be a problem, but as long as they can put those feelings aside for the betterment of the team then they can focus on the common goal. As long each of the of participating and sharing the work load the team can be successful.4. What potential road blocks might be encountered in resolving the conflict? How would you address these? Your response should be at least 100 words.Some potential road blocks is the team members are hell bent on not working together. When every option for resolving the problem has been exhausted then there may be a need for different measures. The idea is to keep the team together and focused on the project. If the actions of these two men  lower the morale of the team and make it impossible to work together then it is my recommendation both team me mbers be replaced. The focus is the team and the project.

2.2 Describe with Examples the Importance of Recognising...

2.2 Describe with examples the importance of recognising and responding to concerns about children and young people’s development When looking at children and young people’s development it is important to recognise and respond to concerns to ensure that the child or young person receives the help and assistance needed. The sooner any issues or concerns are raised the sooner the child or young person can be monitored and help or assistance given. The following things would cause concern about a child or young persons development. If the concern was ignored or the problem was left untreated things could get worse and a delay in help or any treatment needed could mean the outcome isn’t as good as if the treatment was started earlier.†¦show more content†¦Physically as the child isn’t playing at playtime they might not be as physically active as they previously were. Responding to any concern has to be done in a professional manner meaning that you don’t talk to the parents or carer of the child without first following procedures. You would have to have an account and a note of exactly what was seen or heard or anything witnessed. You would need to state why it was a concern to you and the date and time this occurred. You would need to have kept a log and it must be true and accurate. You would approach the class teacher with your concern. If the teacher disregards it you would still need to report it as you have a responsibility to that child or young person. You would report it to the relevant person above the teacher until the concern has been reported correctly. Once reported the relevant person can help the child appropriately to solve the issue correctly hopefully getting the child back on course. If you fail to take note and report any concerns of child development the child or young person’s development could be affected in various areas. Example 2 You may start to become concerned about a child or young person if they start to act out of character or their behaviour changes. You have a child who in class usually participates well and is happy, very outgoing and confident but one day they come into class looking sad and is very quiet.Show MoreRelatedDescribe with Examples the Kinds of Influences That Affect Children and Young Peoples Development Including, Background, Health, Environment1439 Words   |  6 PagesAssessment Task TDA – 2.1 Child and young person development. Task 2 links to learning outcome 2, assessment criteria 2.1 and 2.2. Describe with examples the kinds of influences that affect children and young people’s development, including: - background - heath - environment While children are influenced by many things, there are no stronger influences than that of their parents. 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